With commodity prices potentially weakening at any time, the government needs to optimize non-tax revenues from other sources.

As of 14 Dec. 2022, the 2022 State Budget deficit accounted for 1.22 percent of gross domestic product, lower than the initial target and projection.

To maintain the function of the state budget as an economic shock absorber in a sustainable manner, policy makers need to adjust fuel prices while making sure that subsidized fuel reaches targeted recipients.

Globally, there are at least three big themes related to energy subsidies and climate change, which are Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), energy transition and decarbonization.

Bappenas’ idea was followed up in the National Medium Term Development Plan (RPJMN) 2015-2019, of which one of the strategic issues concerned the availability of land for development to serve the public interest.

The government is committed to continuing to manage a healthy and effective fiscal policy so that it can support sustainable and equitable economic growth.

We are relatively slow in making a response, perhaps because of too much and ineffective bureaucracy. This pandemic also raises the urgency of reforming bureaucracy as part of the post-pandemic economic transformation.

The aged defense equipment and special material equipment (almatsus) belonging to the TNI and National Police already needs rejuvenation with more modern defense equipment.