Only the price and export volume of coal remained high. Coal prices in September was recorded at $321.5 per tonne, up from $290 per tonne the previous month.

The cost of living crisis indicates weakening global purchasing power and has the potential to reduce Indonesian exports. However, there is still a chance to halt the decline in exports.

In line with the endogenous growth theory in terms of aggregate demand amid the pressures on export performance, consumption and investment will remain the main sources of economic growth for Indonesia in 2020.